racin– {root}: deracinate, Racine ●see also radic– ||  Fr racine : root LL radicina L rādix (gen. rādicis) : root

rad– {to scrape}: abrade, corrade, radula ●same as ras– ||  L rādere (gen. rāsum) : to scrape

radi– {ray, to radiate}: irradiate, radial, radian, radiant, radiate, radiator, radio, radiology, radium, radius ●radon ||  L radiare : to radiate radius : rod, spoke of a wheel, hence: radius, ray of light

radic– {root}: eradicate, radical ●radish, radix ●see also racin– ||  L rādīcis, gen. of rādix : root

raft– {log}: raft, rafter ||  ME rafte : beam, rafter ON raptr : log

ram– {branch}: biramous, ramate, ramification, ramify, ramose ||  L rāmus : bough, branch rāmōsus : branching

ramp– {to stand upright, to assume a threatening stance}: ramp (all senses except leek), rampant, rampage ||  ME rampen OFr ramper : to climb, to rear, to rise up †

ran– {frog}: ranid, Ranidae, ranula, ranunculus ||  L rāna : frog rānunculus : little frog, tadpole

ranc– {bad-tasting or -smelling}: rancid, rancor ●rank (strong, coarse) ||  L rancidus : stinking, rank rancēre : to stink, to be rotten

rang– {to put in order}: arrange, derange, range, ranger, rangy ●rank (line, arrangement) ||  ME rangen OFr ranger rengier : to arange in a circle or row or rank of Ger origin

rap– {to rush at, to seize}: enrapture, rapacious, rape, rapid, rapist, rapine, rapt, raptor, rapture ●surreptitious ●unrelated: rapier ●see also rav–, rept–2 ||  L rapere (pp. raptum) : to seize rapīna : plunder, pillage; rapidus : seizing, impetuous, swift; rapācitās : greediness, rapacity; raptor : robber, plunderer

ras–, raz– {to scrape}: abrasion, abrasive, corrasion, erasable, erase, erasure, rasorial, raster, raze, razee, razor, tabula rasa ●same as rad– ||  L rāsum, pp. of rādere : to scrape

rat– {to reason, to reckon, counsel}: irrational, pro rata, prorate, rate, ratify, rating, ratio, ratiocinate, ration, rational, rationale, rationalize ||  L ratus : pp of rēri : to reckon, to think, to suppose ratio (gen. ratiōnis) : a reckoning, calculation

rav– {to rush at, to seize}: ravage, raven (to devour), ravenous, ravin, ravine, ravish, ravishing ●see also rap–, rept–2 ||  OFr ravine L rapīna rapere : to seize, to snatch, to tear away

ray– {to make ready, to prepare}: array, disarray ●curry (to brush, to comb), raiment ||  ME arraien Anglo-Norm arraier VL –redare (comb. form) : to put in order

raz– ●see ras–

re–1 {back, again, anew}: arrest, irreplaceable, irrevocable, react, rearrange, rebel, recalcitrant, recapitulate, receive, recess, recipe, recognize, recollect, reconnoiter, record, recreation, recycle, redouble, redress, reduce, redux, re-entry, refectory, refer (→refer–), refine, reflect, reflex, reform, refrain, refresh, refrigerator, refugee, refurbish, refuse, regard, regatta, register, regress, regret, regurgitate, rehabilitate, rehash, rehearse, reimburse, reincarnation, reinforce, reinstate, reiterate, rejoinder, rejuvenate, relate, relax, relay, release, relegate, relent, relevant, reliable, relic, relief, religion, relinquish, relish, reluctant, rely, remain, remand, remark, remedy, remember, reminiscent, remiss, remit, remnant, remora, remote, remuda, renaissance, render (→rend–), rendezvous, renegade, renew, renounce, renovate, renown, rent, repair, reparation, repart, repast, repeal, repeat, repel, repent, repercussion, repertoire, repine, replace, replenish, replica, reply, report, repose, repository, repossess, reprehensible, represent, repress, reprimand, reprisal, reproach, reprobate, reproduction, repudiate, repugnant, reputation, request, requiem, require, rescind, rescue, research, resemble, resent, reservation, reservoir, resident, residual, resilient, resist, resolve, resonate, resort (all senses), resource, respect, respiration, resplendent, respond, rest (all senses), restaurant, restitution, restore, restrain, restrict, result, resume, resurrect, resuscitate, retail, retain, retaliate, retard, reticent, retinue, retire, retort, retract, retreat, retrieve, return, reunion, reveille, revelation, revel, revenge, revenue, reverberate, revere, reverse, revert, revetment, review, revise, revive, revoke, revolution, revolve, reward, revue, unrequited ●this list is not exhaustive ●same as red– ●extended form: retro– ||  L re– : again, anew, back

re–2 {thing, matter, affair}: ad rem, in re (as regards), real, reality, realize, realty, rebus, reify, republic, res, surreal ||  L res : thing, matter, affair ModL realis, gen. of res

real– {royal, to rule}: El Camino Real, Montreal, real (monetary unit of various countries), realm ●same as reg– ||  Sp, Fr, Port real : royal L rēgālis : royal IE *rēg– : tribal king *reg– : to move straight, to direct straight, to lead, to rule

rear– {behind}: arrears, rear (behind) ●unrelated: rear (to raise, to rise) ●see also retro– ||  Anglo-Norm rere : behind L retro : backward, back, behind

reciproc– {back-and-forth, to alternate, to interchange, to be the same on both sides}: reciprocal, reciprocate, reciprocity ●comb. of re–1 + pro– ||  L reciprocus : returning, going backward and forward re– : back + pro– : before, forward

rect– {right, upright, straight, straight up}: correct, direct (→direct–), erect, rectangle, rectifier, rectify, rectilinear, rectitude, recto, rector, rectum, rectus ●more at surrect– ●same as rig–1 ●see also reg–, regul– ●compare vers– ||  L rectus : straight, right; ruled, regulated regere (pp. rectum) : to guide, to direct, to rule IE *reg– : straight, to lead straight, to lead, to put in order

red– {back, again, anew}: irredentist, redact, redeem, redemption, redintegrate, redivivus, redolent, redound, redundant, reduviid ●same as re–1, used before vowels ||  L red–, re– : back, again, anew

refer– {to refer}: refer, referee, reference, referendum, referent, referral ●comb. of re–1 + fer–1 ||  L referre : to carry back, to bring back re– : again, anew + ferre : to bear, to carry, to bring

reg– {king, to rule, to regulate}: interregnum, regal, regale, regalia, regency, regent, regicide, regime, regimen, regiment, Regina, Reginald, region, regnant ●reign, Rex ●same as real– ●see also rect–, regul–, roy– ||  L regere : to guide, to direct, to lead, to rule (  regio (gen. regiōnis) : a straight line, a space enclosed by lines, a region; regimen : a directing, a guiding; regnare : to exercise royal authority, to reign; regnum : royal power and authority) IE *rēg– : tribal king *reg– : to move straight, to direct straight, to lead, to rule

regul– {to rule, to regulate}: irregular, regular, regulate, regulation, regulus ●see also reg– ||  L regula : straight line regere : to guide, to rule IE *reg– : to move straight, to direct straight, to lead, to rule

reme– {oar}: bireme, remex, trireme ||  L rēmus : an oar; the wings of a bird rēmex : rower, oarsman

ren– {kidney}: adrenal gland, adrenalin, renal, reniform, renin ||  L rēnes : the kidneys

rend– {to give, to give back, to give in return}: render, rendevous, rendition, surrender ●rent, rental ●comb. of re–1 + dition– ||  ME rendren OFr rendre : to give back VL rendere for L reddere : to give back, to restore re– : again, anew, back + dare : to give

rept–1 {to crawl, to creep}: reptant, reptile, reptilian ||  LL reptilis : creeping L rēpere (pp. reptum) : to creep, to crawl freq. reptare : to creep, to crawl

rept–2 {to seize, to take}: subreption, surreptitious ●see also rap–, rav– ||  –ripere (in comb.) (pp. –reptum) rapere : to seize, to grasp

ret– {net}: rete, retiary, reticle, reticular, reticulated, reticule, reticulum, retiform, retina ||  L rēte : net rētiārius : gladiator with a net; rēticulātus : netlike, reticulated

retr(o)– {backward}: retral, retroactive, retrofit, retrograde, retrogress, retrorocket, retrorse, retrospect, retroversion, retrovirus ●extension of re–1 ||  L retro : backward, back, behind re– : back, again, anew

rever– {fear, awe, respect}: irreverent, revere, reverend, reverent ●unrelated: reverie ||  L reverēri : to feel awe or respect, to revere, to fear reverens (gen. reverentis) : respectful, reverent; ger. reverendus : feeling awe or respect

rhabdo– {rod}: rhabdocoele, rhabdomancy, rhabdomyoma, Rhabdophis, rhabdovirus ||  Gr rhabdos : rod

rhap– {to stitch, to sew}: rhapsody, staphylorrhaphy, tenorrhaphy ||  Gr rhaphē : a sewing, suture, seam rhaptein : to sew, to stitch together

rhen– {the Rhine river}: Rhenish, rhenium ●Rhine river (Ger. sp. Rhein), rhinestone ||  L Rhenus : the Rhine

rheo– {a flow, current, river}: rheology, rheometer, rheophile, rheostat ●Span. rio ●more at rrhea– ●see also rheum– ||  Gr rheos : current rheein : to flow

rhetor– {speech}: rhetor, rhetoric, rhetorical, rhetorician ||  L rhetorica Gr rhētorikē : rhetorical rhētōr : orator eirein : to speak IE *wrē–, var. of *wer– : to speak, to say

rheum– {a flow}: rheum, rheumatic, rheumatism, rheumatoid, rheumy ●see also rheo– ||  Gr rheuma : a flow, moist discharge; akin to rheein : to flow

rhin–, rrhin– {nose}: antirrhinum, catarrhine, platyrrhine, rhinitis, rhinoceros, rhinoplasty, rhinorrhea, rhinoscopy, rhinovirus ●unrelated: Rhine ||  Gr rhinos, gen. of rhis : nose

rhizo– {root}: rhizobium, rhizocarpous, rhizogenic, rhizoid, rhizome, rhizophagous, rhizosphere, rhizotomy ||  Gr rhiza : root

rhod– {red, rose-red, rosy}: Rhoda, rhodium, rhododendron, rhodolite, rhodora ●see also ros–2 ||  Gr rhodon : rose

rhomb– {rhombus}: orthorhombic, rhombencephalon, rhombic, rhombohedron, rhomboid, rhomboideus, rhombus ||  Gr rhombos : an object that can be turned; akin to rhembein : to turn, to whirl

rhynch– {snout}: Auchenorrhyncha, Menorhyncha, Ornithorhynchus, Oxyrrhyncha, Prosorrhyncha, rhynchocephalian, rhyncholite, rhynchophore, Rhynchosia, rhynchotous, Sternorrhyncha ||  Gr rhynchos : snout

rhyt– {wrinkles}: rhytidectomy, rhytidoplasty ||  Gr rhytis (gen. rhtyid) : wrinkle

ribo– {a type of sugar}: deoxyribonucleic acid, riboflavin, ribonucleic acid, ribose, ribosome ||  arbitrary back-formation from arabinose Arab + –ose : carbohydrate glucose

ric– {power, to rule, realm}: bishopric, Dietrich, Eric, Frederick, Heinrich (Henry), rich, Richard, Roderick ●Ger. Reich ||  Gmc rik– : king; akin to Ger reich, Du rijk

rid– {to laugh}: deride, ridicule, ridiculous ●same as ris– ||  L rīdēre (pp. rīsum) : to laugh rīdiculus : causing laughter, humorous, funny, absurd, ridiculous

rig–1 {to make right, to direct}: corrigenda, corrigible, dirigible, incorrigible ●dirge ●same as rect– ●see also right– ||  L –rigere (in comb.) (pp. –rectum) regere: to put in order, to rule, to lead straight, to guide IE *reg– : straight, to lead straight, to lead, to put in order

rig–2 {stiff}: rigid, rigor, rigor mortis, rigorous ||  L rigēre : to be stiff, to stiffen rigidus : stiff, rigid, hard; rigor : stiffness, rigidity, stiffness or numbness caused by cold

right– {right, correct, good}: forthright, outright, right, righteous, rightful ●see also rig–1 ||  OE riht : straight, direct; akin to Ger recht : right IE *reg– : straight, to lead straight, to lead, to put in order

ris– {to laugh}: derision, derisive, risible ●same as rid– ||  L rīsum, pp. of rīdēre : to laugh rīsus : laughter

rit– {ceremony}: rite, ritual, ritualistic ||  L rītus : religious custom, ceremony ritualis : of a rite

riv–1 {river, bank, shore}: arrival, arrive, derivative, derive, rival, rivalry, river, riverine, Riviera, rivulet ●riparian ||  ME rivere OFr riviere VL riparia L rīpa : bank of a river; also L rīvus : a stream rīvālus : one who uses the water of a stream in common with another •arrive and derive L rīpa : shore IE *reipa– : cut out by the river *rei– : to tear, to cut

riv–2 {to tear}: rive, riven ●rift || rive, riven ME riven ON rīfa : to tear IE *rei– : to tear, to cut Gmc *rifti– Dan rift : breach, rift

ro– {fame}: Robert, robin, Robin, Robyn, Roderick, Roger, Roland, Rolf ●Rudolph, Rupert ||  OFr OHG hruod– : fame, praise

rob– {oak tree; hence: strong}: corroborate, Paso Robles, roble, roborant, robust ||  L roborare : to strengthen & robustus : oaken, hard, strong robur : a hard variety of oak; earlier robus

rod– {to gnaw}: corrode, erode, rodent ●same as ros–1 ||  L rōdere (pp. rōsum) : to gnaw, to nibble at

rog– {to ask, to propose, to entreat, to request}: abrogate, arrogant, arrogate, derogate, derogatory, interrogate, interrogative, prerogative, prorogue, rogations, subrogate, supererogate, surrogate ||  L rogare : to ask, to inquire, to question freq. rogito : to ask repeatedly or eagerly; rogātio : an asking, in inquiry; rogātor : one who asks

rol– {roll}: control, role, Rolodex™, roly-poly ●same as roll–, roul– ||  L rotula, dim of rota : wheel

roll– {wheel, to roll}: enroll, roll, rollaway, rollback, roller, rollway, rollout, rollover, rollmops ●same as rol–, roul– ||  ME rollen OFr roller : to roll VL rotulare L rotula, dim. of rota : wheel

roman– {Rome, the Romans}: roman à clef, Romance, romance, Romania, Romansch, romantic ●romaine ||  OFr romanz L Rōma : Rome Rōmānus : Roman Rōmulus : (Roman mythology) son of Mars, founder and first king of Rome

rorse– {turned [in the given direction]}: antrorse, dextrorse, extrorse, introrse, retrorse, sinistrorse ●see also Appendix B ||  L contr. (in comb.) of –versus : turning, turned; e.g. sinistrorse sinistroversus : turned to the left

ros–1 {to gnaw}: corrosion, corrosive, erose, erosion ●same as rod– ●see also rostr– ||  L rōsum, pp. of rōdere : to gnaw, to nibble at

ros–2 {rose, pink, red}: Barbarossa, rosarian, rosary, rose, roseate, rosette, Rosicrucian, rosy, Testarossa, vin rosé ●unrelated: rosemary ●see also rhod– ||  L rosa : rose rosārius : made of roses; rosārium : rose garden

rostell– ●see rostr–

rostr–, rostell– {beak, beaklike part, prow of a ship}: fissirostral, rostellate, rostellum, rostrate, rostrum ●unrelated: roster ●basic form: rostr– ●diminutive form: rostell– ●see also ros–1 ||  L rostrum : that which gnaws, the beak, the snout rostrātus : having a beak, beaked, curved dim. rostellum : little beak

rot– {wheel, to roll, round}: orotund, rota, Rotarian, rotary, rotate, rote (learning), rotifer, rotogravure, rotor, rotund, rotunda ||  L rota : wheel rotare : to turn like a wheel; rotula : little wheel; rotundus : round, circular

roul– {to roll}: roulade, rouleau, roulette ●same as rol–, roll– ||  Fr rouler : to roll L rotula : dim of rota : wheel

round– {round}: around, round, roundabout, roundel, roundelay, rounder, Roundhead, roundhouse, roundup, roundworm ||  ME round OFr roont L rotundus : round, circular rotare : to turn like a wheel, to spin

rous– {to stir up, to cause to rise}: arouse, rouse, roust, roustabout ||  ME rowsen : to rouse, to roust †

rout–1 {to beat, beaten path}: rout (retreat), route, routine ●unrelated: rout (to dig) ||  OFr route, rout L rupta (via) : beaten path ruptum, pp. of rumpere : to break

rout–2 {to dig, to root}: rout (to dig), router ●root (to dig) ||  ME wroten OE wrotan : to root up wrot : snout

roy– {king}: Roy, royal, royalty, viceroy ●see also reg– ||  ME roial OFr roi : king L regalis : regal regere : to rule rex : king

rrhag– {to burst forth}: hemorrhage, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia ||  ModL Gr rhēgnynai : to burst, to break

rrhaph– ●see rhap–

rrhea– {flow}: amenorrhea, diarrhea, dysmenorrhea, gonorrhea, logorrhea, pyorrhea, rhinorrhea, seborrhea, sialorrhea, steatorrhea ●catarrh, hemorrhoid ●part of rheo– ||  ModL Gr –rrhoia (in comb.) rheein : to flow

rrhin– ● see rhin–

rub– {red}: bilirubin, erubescence, rubefacient, rubella, rubeola, rubescent, rubicund, rubidium, rubric, ruby ●see also ruf– ||  L rubeus : reddish & rubere : to redden ruber : red

rud– {rough, raw}: erudite, rude, ruderal, rudiment ||  OFr L rudis : rough, raw, unwrought, uncultivated rudīmentum : the first trial or beginning, an attempt

ruf– {red, brownish red}: rufescent, rufous, Rufus ●see also rub– ||  L rufus : reddish

rug– {fold, crease, wrinkle}: corruguate, ruga, rugose ||  L rūga : wrinkle in the face rūgōsus : wrinkled

rumin– {throat, stomach}: ruminant, ruminate ●rumen ||  L rūminare : to chew the cud, to ruminate rūminātio : chewing the cud rumen : the throat

run– {to run, to go}: forerunner, outrun, overrun, rerun, rum-runner, run, runabout, runaround, runaway, rundown, run-in, runner, runoff, run-on, runout, run-through, runway, underrun ||  ME rinnen, rennen ON & OE; of Gmc origin

rup– {rock}: rupestrine, rupicolous ||  L rūpes : rock ruptus, pp. of rumpere : to break

rupt– {to break, to burst}: abrupt, bankrupt, corrupt, disrupt, erupt, interrupt, irrupt, rupture ●erumpent ||  L ruptura ruptus, pp. of rumpere : to break

rust– {the country [rural area], countryside}: rustic, rusticate, rusticity ●rural ||  L rusticānus : of the country, rustic rūs (gen. rūris) : the country (as opposed to the town), lands, farm, estate rusticātio : living in the country

* Unattested, hypothesized
† Unknown origin

88 entries found.

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